Promoter for heterologous expression

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein at least one control sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous to the polynucleotide. In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to an expression vector and a host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct comprising the promoter sequence described herein and a method of expressing a polynucleotide in a host cell.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a nucleic acid construct comprising a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof, which is suitable for driving expression of heterologous polynucleotides. Moreover, the present invention relates to an expression vector and a host cell comprising said nucleic acid construct and methods for expressing polynucleotides using the promoter sequence.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Microorganisms are nowadays widely applied in industry by making use of their fermentation capacity. Microorganisms are particularly used as a host for fermentative production of a variety of substances such as enzymes, proteins, chemicals, sugars and polymers. For these purposes, microorganisms are subject of genetic engineering in order to adapt their gene expression to the demands of the specific production process.

A key element to drive gene expression in a host cell is the promoter sequence. For gene expression to take place, the RNA polymerase must attach to the promoter sequence near a gene. Thus, promoters contain specific DNA sequences that provide a binding site for RNA polymerase and also for other proteins that recruit RNA polymerase to the recognition sequence (i.e., transcription factors). In bacteria, the promoter is usually recognized by the RNA polymerase and an associated sigma factor, which are guided to the promoter DNA by an activator protein's binding to its own DNA binding site nearby. In eukaryotes, the process is more complicated, and various factors are necessary for the binding of an RNA polymerase to the promoter. Influenced by the nucleic acid sequence, promoters can confer low, moderate or high expression levels and can be constitutive or inducible.

Due to their central role in gene expression, there is a constant need for novel sequences that are suitable as a promoter for the expression of transgenes in a host cell under specific conditions.

In particular, for transgene products, which are not tolerated by the host cell in high amounts, promoter sequences that provide a moderate expression level are needed. Examples of such transgene products are components of the restriction modification system, like restriction endonucleases and methyltransferases, recombinases, and proteins conferring antibiotic resistance.

The present inventors have found that using a secA promoter for the expression of a transgene in a host cell greatly improves expression results, in particular if moderate expression levels of the transgene are desired.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a particular type of promoter sequences and nucleic acid constructs comprising such promoter sequences.

Specifically, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein at least one control sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant of the promoter sequence and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous to the polynucleotide.

In one embodiment, the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence TKNTTTGGAAATN(8-12)RTRTGNTAWRATAWN(4-6) immediately followed by a transcription start site.

In another embodiment, the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence TCAWTMNTGCTGYN(11-13)TTAATGRTAADATTYDTN(4-5) immediately followed by a transcription start site.

In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to an expression vector and a host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct comprising the promoter sequence described herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of expressing a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid construct comprising a promoter as described herein; (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide; and (c) optionally, recovering a protein of interest encoded by the polynucleotide.

The promoter sequence described herein is particularly useful for the expression of polynucleotides which require a moderate expression level in a host cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows relevant sections from a structure-based multiple sequence alignment of predicted structures of the methyltransferases disclosed herein, which can be created using standard homology modelling programs such as the SWISS-MODEL webserver (Biasini M., Bienert S., Waterhouse A., Arnold K., Studer G., Schmidt T., Kiefer F., Cassarino T. G., Bertoni M., Bordoli L., Schwede T. (2014). SWISS-MODEL: modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information Nucleic Acids Research 2014 (1 Jul. 2014) 42 (W1): W252-W258) using default parameters and the following structural templates from the RCSB PDB database (Berman H. M., Westbrook J., Feng Z., Gilliland G., Bhat T. N., Weissig H., Shindyalov I. N., Bourne P. E. (2000) The Protein Data Bank Nucleic Acids Research, 28: 235-242.): 2uyc_A (used for SEQ ID NO: 33 (M.Fnu4HI), SEQ ID NO: 34 (M.RBH3250), SEQ ID NO: 41 (M.CocII)), 2i9k_C (used for SEQ ID NO: 36 (M.Bsp6I), SEQ ID NO: 43 (M.LlaDII)), 3swr_A (used for SEQ ID NO: 37 (M.Cdi13307II), SEQ ID NO: 38 (M.Cdi630IV)), 1mht_C (used for SEQ ID NO: 39 (M.Ckr177III)), 2z6u_A (used for SEQ ID NO: 40 (M.CmaLM2II)) and 9mht_C (used for SEQ ID NO: 42 (M.Fsp4HI)). Predicted structures were structurally aligned to the predicted structure of SEQ ID NO: 33 (M.Fnu4HI) with TMalign, version 20160521 (Y. Zhang, J. Skolnick (2005), TM-align: A protein structure alignment algorithm based on TM-score, Nucleic Acids Research, 33: 2302-2309) using the default parameters. Pairwise structural alignments were combined into a multiple sequence alignment using MAFFT, version 7.221 (Katoh, S. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:772-780) using default parameters of the merge mode. Secondary structure annotation was added to the figure as a consensus of structural predictions. Important conserved positions are highlighted as grey columns and identified by greek letters.

FIG. 2 shows a 0.8% agarose gel of a SatI restriction digests of plasmids isolated from different MTase containing E. coli strains (Example 1). Lane 1: DNA marker—Generuler 1 kb DNA Ladder (ThermoFisher Scientific). Lane 2: Ec #83, Lane 3: Ec #84, Lane 4: Ec #85, Lane 5: Ec #86, Lane 6: Ec #87, Lane 7: Ec #88. Lane 8: Ec #82. Lane 10: DNA marker.

FIG. 3 shows the relative transformation efficiencies into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 cells of plasmid DNA isolated from different E. coli strains as described in Example 2. The E. coli strain Ec #083 carries the B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 DNA methyltransferase and was set to 100%. The E. coli strain Ec #084 carries a codon-optimized variant of the B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 DNA methyltransferase and serves as control for gene expression. Plasmid DNA from E. coli Ec #082 which was not methylated by a GCNGC specific DNA methyltransferase did not recover any transformants. Plasmid DNA isolated from E. coli strains carrying MTases having a similar structure and being heterologous to B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 (Ec #85-87) transformed into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 resulted in significantly increased transformation efficiencies. Plasmid DNA isolated from the E. coli strain carrying the homologous MTase (Ec #88) of B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 with a deletion of amino acids 103-108 from SEQ ID NO: 34 (6 amino acids were truncated in total, resulting in SEQ ID NO: 35) also resulted in a significantly increased transformation efficiency compared to Ec #83.

FIG. 4 shows the relative transformation efficiencies into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 cells of pUK56 plasmid DNA isolated from B. subtilis Bs #54 and Bs #55 strains as described in Example 3. The transformation efficiency of pUK56 plasmid DNA isolated from B. licheniformis Bli #112, carrying the B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 DNA methylation pattern, was set to 100%.

FIG. 5 shows the relative transformation efficiencies into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 cells of plasmid DNA comprising different promoters isolated from different E. coli strains as described in Example 3. The transformation efficiency of plasmid DNA from E. coli strain Ec #85 was set to 100%. The constructs comprising SecA promoters yielded the highest transformation efficiency.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention and the examples included herein.

Definitions

Unless otherwise noted, the terms used herein are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

It is to be understood that as used in the specification and in the claims, “a” or “an” can mean one or more, depending upon the context in which it is used. Thus, reference to “a cell” can mean that at least one cell can be utilized.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of all of these publications and those references cited within those publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

“Parent” sequence (e.g., “parent enzyme” or “parent protein”) is the starting sequences for introduction of changes (e.g. by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions) of the sequence resulting in “variants” of the parent sequences. Thus, the term “enzyme variant” or “sequence variant” or “protein variant” are used in reference to parent enzymes that are the origin for the respective variant enzymes. Therefore, parent enzymes include wild type enzymes and variants of wild-type enzymes which are used for development of further variants. Variant enzymes differ from parent enzymes in their amino acid sequence to a certain extent; however, variants at least maintain the enzyme properties of the respective parent enzyme. In one embodiment, enzyme properties are improved in variant enzymes when compared to the respective parent enzyme. In one embodiment, variant enzymes have at least the same enzymatic activity when compared to the respective parent enzyme or variant enzymes have increased enzymatic activity when compared to the respective parent enzyme.

When describing protein variants, the standard IUPAC single-letter or three-letter amino acid abbreviations are used.

“Substitutions” are described by providing the original amino acid followed by the number of the position within the amino acid sequence, followed by the substituted amino acid. For example, the substitution of histidine at position 120 with alanine is designated as “His120Ala” or “H120A”.

“Deletions” are described by providing the original amino acid followed by the number of the position within the amino acid sequence, followed by *. Accordingly, the deletion of glycine at position 150 is designated as “Gly150*” or G150*”. Alternatively, deletions are indicated by e.g. “deletion of D183 and G184”.

“Insertions” are described by providing the original amino acid followed by the number of the position within the amino acid sequence, followed by the original amino acid and the additional amino acid. For example, an insertion at position 180 of lysine next to glycine is designated as “Gly180GlyLys” or “G180GK”. When more than one amino acid residue is inserted, such as e.g. a Lys and Ala after Gly180 this may be indicated as: Gly180GlyLysAla or G195GKA.

In cases where a substitution and an insertion occur at the same position, this may be indicated as S99SD+S99A or in short S99AD. In cases where an amino acid residue identical to the existing amino acid residue is inserted, it is clear that degeneracy in the nomenclature arises. If for example a glycine is inserted after the glycine in the above example this would be indicated by G180GG. Variants comprising multiple alterations are separated by “+”, e.g., “Arg170Tyr+Gly195Glu” or “R170Y+G195E” representing a substitution of arginine and glycine at positions 170 and 195 with tyrosine and glutamic acid, respectively. Alternatively, multiple alterations may be separated by space or a comma e.g. R170Y G195E or R170Y, G195E respectively. Where different alterations can be introduced at a position, the different alterations are separated by a comma, e.g. “Arg170Tyr, Glu” and R170T, E, respectively, represents a substitution of arginine at position 170 with tyrosine or glutamic acid. Alternatively, different alterations or optional substitutions may be indicated in brackets, e.g., Arg170[Tyr, Gly] or Arg170{Tyr, Gly} or in short R170 [Y, G] or R170 {Y, G}.

The numbering of the amino acid residues of the DNA methyltransferase described herein is according to the numbering of the Fnu4HI DNA methyltransferase from Fusobacterium nucleatum 4HI as shown in SEQ ID NO: 33 (i.e., according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33).

For nucleotide sequences, e.g., consensus sequences, an IUPAC nucleotide nomenclature (Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry (NC-IUB) (1984). “Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences”) is used, with the following nucleotide and nucleotide ambiguity definitions, relevant to this invention: A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; T, thymine; K, guanine or thymine; R, adenine or guanine; W, adenine or thymine; M, adenine or cythosine; Y, cythosine or thymine; D, not a cythosine; N, any nucleotide.

In addition, notation “N(3-5)” means that indicated consensus position may have 3 to 5 any (N) nucleotides. For example, a consensus sequence “AWN(4-6)” represents 3 possible variants—with 4, 5, or 6 any nucleotides at the end: AWNNNN, AWNNNNN, AWNNNNNN.

Variants of the parent enzyme molecules may have an amino acid sequence which is at least n percent identical to the amino acid sequence of the respective parent enzyme having enzymatic activity with n being an integer between 50 and 100, preferably 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99 compared to the full length polypeptide sequence. Variant enzymes described herein which are n percent identical when compared to a parent enzyme, have enzymatic activity.

Enzyme variants may be defined by their sequence identity when compared to a parent enzyme. Sequence identity usually is provided as “% sequence identity” or “% identity”. To determine the percent-identity between two amino acid sequences in a first step a pairwise sequence alignment is generated between those two sequences, wherein the two sequences are aligned over their complete length (i.e., a pairwise global alignment). The alignment is generated with a program implementing the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm (J. Mol. Biol. (1979) 48, p. 443-453), preferably by using the program “NEEDLE” (The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS)) with the programs default parameters (gapopen=10.0, gapextend=0.5 and matrix=EBLOSUM62). The preferred alignment for the purpose of this invention is that alignment, from which the highest sequence identity can be determined.

After aligning the two sequences, in a second step, an identity value shall be determined from the alignment. Therefore, according to the present invention the following calculation of percent-identity applies:

%-identity=(identical residues/length of the alignment region which is showing the respective sequence of this invention over its complete length)*100. Thus sequence identity in relation to comparison of two amino acid sequences according to this embodiment is calculated by dividing the number of identical residues by the length of the alignment region which is showing the respective sequence of this invention over its complete length. This value is multiplied with 100 to give “%-identity”.

For calculating the percent identity of two DNA sequences the same applies as for the calculation of percent identity of two amino acid sequences with some specifications. For DNA sequences encoding for a protein the pairwise alignment shall be made over the complete length of the coding region from start to stop codon excluding introns. For non-protein-coding DNA sequences the pairwise alignment shall be made over the complete length of the sequence of this invention, so the complete sequence of this invention is compared to another sequence, or regions out of another sequence. Moreover, the preferred alignment program implementing the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm (J. Mol. Biol. (1979) 48, p. 443-453) is “NEEDLE” (The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS)) with the programs default parameters (gapopen=10.0, gapextend=0.5 and matrix=EDNA-FULL).

The following example is meant to illustrate the embodiments of the invention, which is on two nucleotide sequences, but same calculations apply to protein sequences:

Seq A: AAGATACTG length: 9 bases Seq B: GATCTGA length: 7 bases

Hence, the shorter sequence is sequence B.

Producing a pairwise global alignment which is showing both sequences over their complete lengths results in

Seq A: AAGATACTG-          ||| ||| Seq B: --GAT-CTGA

The “I” symbol in the alignment indicates identical residues (which means bases for DNA or amino acids for proteins). The number of identical residues is 6.

The “−” symbol in the alignment indicates gaps. The number of gaps introduced by alignment within the Seq B is 1. The number of gaps introduced by alignment at borders of Seq B is 2, and at borders of Seq A is 1.

The alignment length showing the aligned sequences over their complete length is 10.

Producing a pairwise alignment which is showing the shorter sequence over its complete length according to the invention consequently results in:

Seq A: GATACTG-        ||| ||| Seq B: GAT-CTGA

Producing a pairwise alignment which is showing sequence A over its complete length according to the invention consequently results in:

Seq A: AAGATACTG          ||| ||| Seq B: --GAT-CTG

Producing a pairwise alignment which is showing sequence B over its complete length according to the invention consequently results in:

Seq A: GATACTG-        ||| ||| Seq B: GAT-CTGA

The alignment length showing the shorter sequence over its complete length is 8 (one gap is present which is factored in the alignment length of the shorter sequence). Accordingly, the alignment length showing Seq A over its complete length would be 9 (meaning Seq A is the sequence of the invention).

Accordingly, the alignment length showing Seq B over its complete length would be 8 (meaning Seq B is the sequence of the invention).

According to the example provided above, %-identity is: for Seq A being the sequence of the invention (6/9)*100=66.7%; for Seq B being the sequence of the invention (6/8)*100=75%.

Enzyme variants may be defined by their sequence similarity when compared to a parent enzyme. Sequence similarity usually is provided as “% sequence similarity” or “%-similarity”. For calculating sequence similarity in a first step a sequence alignment has to be generated as described above. In a second step, the percent-similarity has to be calculated, whereas percent sequence similarity takes into account that defined sets of amino acids share similar properties, e.g., by their size, by their hydrophobicity, by their charge, or by other characteristics. Herein, the exchange of one amino acid with a similar amino acid is referred to as “conservative mutation”. Enzyme variants comprising conservative mutations appear to have a minimal effect on protein folding resulting in certain enzyme properties being substantially maintained when compared to the enzyme properties of the parent enzyme.

For determination of %-similarity according to this invention the following applies, which is also in accordance with the BLOSUM62 matrix, which is one of the most used amino acids similarity matrix for database searching and sequence alignments

Amino acid A is similar to amino acids S Amino acid D is similar to amino acids E; N Amino acid E is similar to amino acids D; K; Q Amino acid F is similar to amino acids W; Y Amino acid H is similar to amino acids N; Y Amino acid I is similar to amino acids L; M; V Amino acid K is similar to amino acids E; Q; R Amino acid L is similar to amino acids I; M; V Amino acid M is similar to amino acids I; L; V Amino acid N is similar to amino acids D; H; S Amino acid Q is similar to amino acids E; K; R Amino acid R is similar to amino acids K; Q Amino acid S is similar to amino acids A; N; T Amino acid T is similar to amino acids S Amino acid V is similar to amino acids I; L; M Amino acid W is similar to amino acids F; Y Amino acid Y is similar to amino acids F; H; W.

Conservative amino acid substitutions may occur over the full length of the sequence of a polypeptide sequence of a functional protein such as an enzyme. In one embodiment, such mutations are not pertaining the functional domains of an enzyme. In another embodiment conservative mutations are not pertaining the catalytic centers of an enzyme.

Therefore, according to the present invention the following calculation of percent-similarity applies:

%-similarity=[(identical residues+similar residues)/length of the alignment region which is showing the respective sequence of this invention over its complete length]*100. Thus sequence similarity in relation to comparison of two amino acid sequences herein is calculated by dividing the number of identical residues plus the number of similar residues by the length of the alignment region which is showing the respective sequence of this invention over its complete length. This value is multiplied with 100 to give “%-similarity”.

Especially, variant enzymes comprising conservative mutations which are at least m percent similar to the respective parent sequences with m being an integer between 50 and 100, preferably 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99 compared to the full length polypeptide sequence, are expected to have essentially unchanged enzyme properties. Variant enzymes described herein with m percent-similarity when compared to a parent enzyme, have enzymatic activity.

The term “hybridisation” as defined herein is a process wherein substantially complementary nucleotide sequences anneal to each other. The hybridisation process can occur entirely in solution, i.e. both complementary nucleic acids are in solution. The hybridisation process can also occur with one of the complementary nucleic acids immobilised to a matrix such as magnetic beads, sepharose beads or any other resin. The hybridisation process can furthermore occur with one of the complementary nucleic acids immobilised to a solid support such as a nitro-cellulose or nylon membrane or immobilised by e.g. photolithography to a carrier, including, but not limited to a siliceous glass support (the latter known as nucleic acid arrays or microarrays or as nucleic acid chips). In order to allow hybridisation to occur, the nucleic acid molecules are generally thermally or chemically denatured to melt a double strand into two single strands and/or to remove hairpins or other secondary structures from single stranded nucleic acids.

This formation or melting of hybrids is dependent on various parameters, including but not limited thereto the temperature. An increase in temperature favours melting, while a decrease in temperature favours hybridisation. However, this hybrid forming process is not following an applied change in temperature in a linear fashion: the hybridisation process is dynamic, and already formed nucleotide pairs are supporting the pairing of adjacent nucleotides as well. So, with good approximation, hybridisation is a yes-or-no process, and there is a temperature, which basically defines the border between hybridisation and no hybridisation. This temperature is the melting temperature (Tm). Tm is the temperature in degrees Celsius, at which 50% of all molecules of a given nucleotide sequence are hybridised into a double strand, and 50% are present as single strands.

The melting temperature (Tm) is dependent from the physical properties of the analysed nucleic acid sequence and hence can indicate the relationship between two distinct sequences. However, the melting temperature (Tm) is also influenced by various other parameters, which are not directly related with the sequences, and the applied conditions of the hybridization experiment must be taken into account. For example, an increase of salts (e.g. monovalent cations) is resulting in a higher Tm.

Tm for a given hybridisation condition can be determined by doing a physical hybridisation experiment, but Tm can also be estimated in silico for a given pair of DNA sequences. In this embodiment, the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl (Anal. Biochem., 138:267-284, 1984) is used for stretches having a length of 50 or more bases: Tm=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L.

M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA stretch, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridisation solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The equation is for salt ranges of 0.01 to 0.4 M and % GC in ranges of 30% to 75%.

While above Tm is the temperature for a perfectly matched probe, Tm is reduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching (Bonner et al., J. Mol. Biol. 81: 123-135, 1973): Tm=[81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% formamide)−500/L]−% non-identity.

This equation is useful for probes having 35 or more nucleotides and is widely referenced in scientific method literature (e.g. in: “Recombinant DNA Principles and Methodologies”, James Greene, Chapter “Biochemistry of Nucleic acids”, Paul S. Miller, page 55; 1998, CRC Press), in many patent applications (e.g. in: U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,149), and also in data sheets of commercial companies (e.g. “Equations for Calculating Tm” from www.genomics.agilent.com).

Other formulas for Tm calculations, which are less preferred in this embodiment, might be only used for the indicated cases:

For DNA-RNA hybrids (Casey, J. and Davidson, N. (1977) Nucleic Acids Res., 4:1539): Tm=79.8° C.+18.5 (log M)+0.58 (% GC)+11.8 (% GC*% GC)−0.5 (% form)−820/L.

For RNA-RNA hybrids (Bodkin, D. K. and Knudson, D. L. (1985) J. Virol. Methods, 10: 45): Tm=79.8° C.+18.5 (log M)+0.58 (% GC)+11.8 (% GC*% GC)−0.35 (% form)−820/L.

For oligonucleotide probes of less than 20 bases (Wallace, R. B., et al. (1979) Nucleic Acid Res. 6: 3535): Tm=2×n(A+T)+4×n(G+C), with n being the number of respective bases in the probe forming a hybrid.

For oligonucleotide probes of 20-35 nucleotides, a modified Wallace calculation could be applied: Tm=22+1.46 n(A+T)+2.92 n(G+C), with n being the number of respective bases in the probe forming a hybrid.

For other oligonucleotides, the nearest-neighbour model for melting temperature calculation should be used, together with appropriate thermodynamic data: Tm=(Σ(ΔHd)+ΔHi)/(Σ(ΔSd)+ΔSi+ΔSself+R×ln(cT/b))+16.6 log[Na+]−273.15 (Breslauer, K. J., Frank, R., Blöcker, H., Marky, L. A. 1986 Predicting DNA duplex stability from the base sequence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 833746-3750; Alejandro Panjkovich, Francisco Melo, 2005. Comparison of different melting temperature calculation methods for short DNA sequences. Bioinformatics, 21 (6): 711-722)

where: Tm is the melting temperature in degrees Celsius; Σ(ΔHd) and Σ(ΔSd) are sums of enthalpy and entropy (correspondingly), calculated over all internal nearest-neighbor doublets; ΔSself is the entropic penalty for self-complementary sequences; ΔHi and ΔSi are the sums of initiation enthalpies and entropies, respectively; R is the gas constant (fixed at 1.987 cal/K·mol); cT is the total strand concentration in molar units; constant b adopts the value of 4 for non-self-complementary sequences or equal to 1 for duplexes of self-complementary strands or for duplexes when one of the strands is in significant excess.

The thermodynamic calculations assume that the annealing occurs in a buffered solution at pH near 7.0 and that a two-state transition occurs.

Thermodynamic values for the calculation can be obtained from Table 1 in (Alejandro Panjkovich, Francisco Melo, 2005. Comparison of different melting temperature calculation methods for short DNA sequences. Bioinformatics, 21 (6): 711-722), or from the original research papers (Breslauer, K. J., Frank, R., Blöcker, H., Marky, L. A. 1986 Predicting DNA duplex stability from the base sequence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 833746-3750; SantaLucia, J., Jr, Allawi, H. T., Seneviratne, P. A. 1996 Improved nearest-neighbor parameters for predicting DNA duplex stability. Biochemistry 353555-3562; Sugimoto, N., Nakano, S., Yoneyama, M., Honda, K. 1996 Improved thermodynamic parameters and helix initiation factor to predict stability of DNA duplexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 244501-4505).

For an in silico estimation of Tm according to this embodiment, first a set of bioinformatic sequence alignments between the two sequences are generated. Such alignments can be generated by various tools known to a person skilled in the art, like programs “Blast” (NCBI), “Water” (EMBOSS) or “Matcher” (EMBOSS), which are producing local alignments, or “Needle” (EMBOSS), which is producing global alignments. Those tools should be applied with their default parameter setting, but also with some parameter variations. For example, program “MATCHER” can be applied with various parameter for gapopen/gapextend (like 14/4; 14/2; 14/5; 14/8; 14/10; 20/2; 20/5; 20/8; 20/10; 30/2; 30/5; 30/8; 30/10; 40/2; 40/5; 40/8; 40/10; 10/2; 10/5; 10/8; 10/10; 8/2; 8/5; 8/8; 8/10; 6/2; 6/5; 6/8; 6/10) and program “WATER” can be applied with various parameter for gapopen/gapextend (like 10/0.5; 10/1; 10/2; 10/3; 10/4; 10/6; 15/1; 15/2; 15/3; 15/4; 15/6; 20/1; 20/2; 20/3; 20/4; 20/6; 30/1; 30/2; 30/3; 30/4; 30/6; 45/1; 45/2; 45/3; 45/4; 45/6; 60/1; 60/2; 60/3; 60/4; 60/6), and also these programs shall be applied by using both nucleotide sequences as given, but also with one of the sequences in its reverse complement form. For example, BlastN (NCBI) can be applied with an increased e-value cut-off (e.g. e+1 or even e+10) to also identify very short alignments, especially in data bases of small sizes.

Important is that local alignments are considered, since hybridisation may not necessarily occur over the complete length of the two sequences, but may be best at distinct regions, which then are determining the actual melting temperature. Therefore, from all created alignments, the alignment length, the alignment % GC content (in a more accurate manner, the % GC content of the bases which are matching within the alignment), and the alignment identity has to be determined. Then the predicted melting temperature (Tm) for each alignment has to be calculated. The highest calculated Tm is used to predict the actual melting temperature.

The term “hybridisation over the complete sequence of the invention” as defined herein means that for sequences longer than 300 bases when the sequence of the invention is fragmented into pieces of about 300 to 500 bases length, every fragment must hybridise. For example, a DNA can be fragmented into pieces by using one or a combination of restriction enzymes. A bioinformatic in silico calculation of Tm is then performed by the same procedure as described above, just done for every fragment. The physical hybridisation of individual fragments can be analysed by sta8ndard Southern analysis, or comparable methods, which are known to a person skilled in the art.

The term “stringency” as defined herein is describing the ease by which hybrid formation between two nucleotide sequences can take place. Conditions of a “higher stringency” require more bases of one sequence to be paired with the other sequence (the melting temperature Tm is lowered in conditions of “higher stringency”), conditions of “lower stringency” allow some more bases to be unpaired. Hence the degree of relationship between two sequences can be estimated by the actual stringency conditions at which they are still able to form hybrids. An increase in stringency can be achieved by keeping the experimental hybridisation temperature constant and lowering the salts concentrations, or by keeping the salts constant and increasing the experimental hybridisation temperature, or a combination of these parameter. Also an increase of formamide will increase the stringency. The skilled artisan is aware of additional parameters which may be altered during hybridisation and which will either maintain or change the stringency conditions (Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CSH, New York or to Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989 and yearly updates).

A typical hybridisation experiment is done by an initial hybridisation step, which is followed by one to several washing steps. The solutions used for these steps may contain additional components, which are preventing the degradation of the analyzed sequences and/or prevent unspecific background binding of the probe, like EDTA, SDS, fragmented sperm DNA or similar reagents, which are known to a person skilled in the art (Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CSH, New York or to Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989 and yearly updates).

A typical probe for a hybridisation experiment is generated by the random-primed-labelling method, which was initially developed by Feinberg and Vogelstein (Anal. Biochem., 132 (1), 6-13 (1983); Anal. Biochem., 137 (1), 266-7 (1984) and is based on the hybridisation of a mixture of all possible hexanucleotides to the DNA to be labelled. The labelled probe product will actually be a collection of fragments of variable length, typically ranging in sizes of 100-1000 nucleotides in length, with the highest fragment concentration typically around 200 to 400 bp. The actual size range of the probe fragments, which are finally used as probes for the hybridisation experiment, can also be influenced by the used labelling method parameter, subsequent purification of the generated probe (e.g. agarose gel), and the size of the used template DNA which is used for labelling (large templates can e.g. be restrictiondigested using a 4 bp cutter, e.g. HaeIII, prior labeling).

For the present invention, the sequence described herein is analysed by a hybridisation experiment, in which the probe is generated from the other sequence, and this probe is generated by a standard random-primed-labelling method. For the present invention, the probe is consisting of a set of labelled oligonucleotides having sizes of about 200-400 nucleotides. A hybridisation between the sequence of this invention and the other sequence means, that hybridisation of the probe occurs over the complete sequence of this invention, as defined above. The hybridisation experiment is done by achieving the highest stringency by the stringency of the final wash step. The final wash step has stringency conditions comparable to the stringency conditions of at least Wash condition 1: 1.06×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0 formamide at 50° C., in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 2: 1.06×SSC, 0.1 SDS, 0% formamide at 55° C., in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 3: 1.06×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0% formamide at 60° C., in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 4: 1.06×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0% formamide at 65° C., in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 5: 0.52×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0% formamide at 65° C., in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 6: 0.25×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0% formamide at 65° C., in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 7: 0.12×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0% formamide at 65° C., in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 8: 0.07×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0% formamide at 65° C.

A “low stringent wash” has stringency conditions comparable to the stringency conditions of at least Wash condition 1, but not more stringent than Wash condition 3, wherein the wash conditions are as described above.

A “high stringent wash” has stringency conditions comparable to the stringency conditions of at least Wash condition 4, in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 5, in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 6, in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 7, in another embodiment of at least Wash condition 8, wherein the wash conditions are as described above.

The term “heterologous” (or exogenous or foreign or recombinant or non-native) polypeptide is defined herein as a polypeptide that is not native to the host cell, a polypeptide native to the host cell in which structural modifications, e.g., deletions, substitutions, and/or insertions, have been made by recombinant DNA techniques to alter the native polypeptide, or a polypeptide native to the host cell whose expression is quantitatively altered or whose expression is directed from a genomic location different from the native host cell as a result of manipulation of the DNA of the host cell by recombinant DNA techniques, e.g., a stronger promoter. Similarly, the term “heterologous” (or exogenous or foreign or recombinant or non-native) polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide that is not native to the host cell, a polynucleotide native to the host cell in which structural modifications, e.g., deletions, substitutions, and/or insertions, have been made by recombinant DNA techniques to alter the native polynucleotide, or a polynucleotide native to the host cell whose expression is quantitatively altered as a result of manipulation of the regulatory elements of the polynucleotide by recombinant DNA techniques, e.g., a stronger promoter, or a polynucleotide native to the host cell, but integrated not within its natural genetic environment as a result of genetic manipulation by recombinant DNA techniques.

With respect to two or more polynucleotide sequences or two or more amino acid sequences, the term “heterologous” is used to characterized that the two or more polynucleotide sequences or two or more amino acid sequences are naturally not occurring in the specific combination with each other.

For the purposes of the invention, “recombinant” (or transgenic) with regard to a cell or an organism means that the cell or organism contains a heterologous polynucleotide which is introduced by man by gene technology and with regard to a polynucleotide includes all those constructions brought about by man by gene technology/recombinant DNA techniques in which either

(a) the sequence of the polynucleotide or a part thereof, or (b) one or more genetic control sequences which are operably linked with the polynucleotide, including but not limited thereto a promoter, or (c) both a) and b) are not located in their wildtype genetic environment or have been modified.

The term “native” (or wildtype or endogenous) cell or organism and “native” (or wildtype or endogenous) polynucleotide or polypeptide refers to the cell or organism as found in nature and to the polynucleotide or polypeptide in question as found in a cell in its natural form and genetic environment, respectively (i.e., without there being any human intervention).

A “DNA with methylation pattern foreign to a cell” refers to a DNA comprising a methylation pattern not naturally occurring in the cell and thus can be recognized and cleaved by one or more restriction enzymes of the cell.

The terms “polynucleotide”, “nucleic acid sequence”, “nucleotide sequence”, “nucleic acid”, “nucleic acid molecule” are used interchangeably herein and refer to nucleotides, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides or a combination of both, in a polymeric unbranched form of any length. “Polynucleotides” are composed of monomers, which are “nucleotides” made of three components: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

The term “nucleic acid construct” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or is modified to contain segments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature or is synthetic. The term “nucleic acid construct” is synonymous with the term “expression cassette” when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a polynucleotide.

The term “control sequence” is defined herein to include all sequences affecting the expression of a polynucleotide, including but not limited thereto, the expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the polynucleotide or native or foreign to each other. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, promoter sequence, 5′-UTR (also called leader sequence), ribosomal binding site (RBS, shine dalgarno sequence), 3′-UTR, and transcription start and stop sites.

The term “functional linkage” or “operably linked” with respect to regulatory elements, is to be understood as meaning the sequential arrangement of a regulatory element (including but not limited thereto a promoter) with a nucleic acid sequence to be expressed and, if appropriate, further regulatory elements (including but not limited thereto a terminator) in such a way that each of the regulatory elements can fulfil its intended function to allow, modify, facilitate or otherwise influence expression of said nucleic acid sequence. For example, a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence of the polynucleotide sequence such that the control sequence directs the expression of the coding sequence of a polypeptide. Preferred arrangements are those in which the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed recombinantly is positioned behind the sequence acting as promoter, so that the two sequences are linked covalently to each other. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed is located behind the promoter in such a way that the transcription start is identical with the desired beginning of the RNA. Functional linkage, and an expression construct, can be generated by means of customary recombination and cloning techniques as described (e.g., Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual, 3rd ed, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2001.); Silhavy et al. (1984) Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.); Ausubel et al. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience; Gelvin et al. (Eds) (1990) Plant Molecular Biology Manual; Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (1993) by R. D. D. Croy, published by BIOS Scientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications (UK)). However, further sequences, including but not limited thereto a sequence, which acts as a linker with specific cleavage sites for restriction enzymes, or as a signal peptide, may also be positioned between the two sequences. The insertion of sequences may also lead to the expression of fusion proteins.

A “promoter” or “promoter sequence” is a nucleotide sequence located upstream of a gene on the same strand as the gene that enables that gene's transcription. Promoter is followed by the transcription start site of the gene. Promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase (together with any required transcription factors), which initiates transcription. A functional fragment or functional variant of a promoter is a nucleotide sequence which is recognizable by RNA polymerase, and capable of initiating transcription.

The term “promoter sequence comprising a consensus sequence and wherein the consensus sequence is immediately followed by a transcription start site” or the term “promoter sequence comprising a consensus sequence immediately followed by a transcription start site” are meant herein as the transcription start site being directly adjacent to the consensus sequence, i.e., without any linking additional nucleotides between consensus sequence and transcription start site.

The term “transcription start site” or “transcriptional start site” shall be understood as the location where the transcription starts at the 5′ end of a gene sequence. In prokaryotes the first nucleotide, referred to as +1 is in general an adenosine (A) or guanosine (G) nucleotide. In this context, the terms “sites” and “signal” can be used interchangeably herein.

When used herein the term “coding sequence” means a nucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of its protein product. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which usually begins with the ATG start codon or alternative start codons such as GTG, CTG or TTG and ends with a stop codon such as TAA, TAG, or TGA. The coding sequence may be a DNA, cDNA, synthetic, or recombinant nucleotide sequence. The start codon can also be named herein as “translational start signal” or “translational start site”. The stop codon can also be named herein as “translational stop signal” or “translational stop site”.

The term “expression” or “gene expression” means the transcription of a specific gene or specific genes or specific nucleic acid construct. The term “expression” or “gene expression” in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (e.g., rRNA, tRNA) or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into a protein. The process includes transcription of DNA and processing of the resulting mRNA product.

The term “expression vector” is defined herein as a linear or circular DNA molecule that comprises a polynucleotide that is operably linked to one or more control sequences that provides for the expression of the polynucleotide.

The term “moderate expression” of a gene is defined herein as an expression level of a given gene that does not impair cellular growth or viability and allows continuous cultivation of the host cell.

The term “host cell”, as used herein, includes any cell type that is susceptible to transformation, transfection, transduction, conjugation, and the like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector.

The term “introduction” and variations thereof are defined herein as the transfer of a DNA into a host cell. The introduction of a DNA into a host cell can be accomplished by any method known in the art, including, the not limited to, transformation, transfection, transduction, conjugation, and the like.

The term “donor cell” is defined herein as a cell that is the source of DNA introduced by any means to another cell.

The term “recipient cell” is defined herein as a cell into which DNA is introduced.

The term “fermentation in industrial scale” (also called large-scale fermentation) refers to fermentation processes with fermenter volumes of greater than or equal to 20 liters.

The term “DNA methyltransferase that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC” is defined herein as a DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.37) that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine within the sequence GCNGC, resulting in S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and DNA containing 5-methylcytosine. For purposes of the present invention, DNA methyltransferase activity is determined according to the procedure described by Pfeifer et al., 1983, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 740: 323-30. One unit of DNA methyltransferase activity is the amount required to protect 1 μg of lambda DNA in 1 hour in a total reaction volume of 20 μl against cleavage by the corresponding restriction endonuclease.

The term “restriction-modification system” is defined herein as a restriction endonuclease, a corresponding DNA methyltransferase that protects DNA from cleavage by the restriction endonuclease, and the genes encoding at least these two enzymes.

The term “operon” is understood herein as a unit of genomic DNA, containing a single promoter, and one or more genes, all of which are transcribed from that single promoter. The genes in the operon may overlap, or may have untranslated regions (UTRs) between each other. These UTRs may optionally have additional control elements, affecting translational efficiency.

The term “secA operon” is understood herein as on operon comprising a secA gene and a promoter sequence endogenously linked thereto, i.e., the wildtype promoter of this secA operon (“secA promoter”). Without being limited thereto, an example of a secA-containing operon is a construct consisting of a promoter, a 5′UTR, a secM gene (secretion monitor, SecA regulator SecM), a UTR, and a secA gene, wherein the promoter is the native promoter sequence of the secA gene containing operon.

The SecA protein is a multi-functional protein involved in the process of protein secretion (protein translocation) across the bacterial inner cell membrane (Green, Erin R., and Joan Mecsas. “Bacterial Secretion Systems—An Overview.” Microbiology spectrum 4.1 (2016)). The secA gene, coding the SecA protein, is usually annotated as “translocase subunit SecA”, “preprotein translocase subunit SecA”, “protein translocase subunit SecA”, “translocase binding subunit (ATPase)”, or “preprotein translocase; secretion protein”. Some organisms have two SecA protein homologs, one of which is essential and the other one is not (Braunstein M, Brown A M, Kurtz S, Jacobs W R Jr. “Two nonredundant SecA homologues function in mycobacteria.” Journal of Bacteriology, 1 Dec. 2001, 183(24):6979-6990; Feltcher M E, Braunstein M. “Emerging themes in SecA2-mediated protein export.” Nature Reviews Microbiology, 24 Sep. 2012, 10(11):779-789). In organisms, which have two SecA-like translocase proteins, the annotation of the protein translocase subunit SecA gene pertinent to this patent application is usually marked by an additional index 1, e.g. “protein translocase subunit SecA1”, and denotes the essential translocase.

The term “reporter gene” is understood herein as a gene whose product can be readily assayed subsequent to introduction a host cell, and can be used as markers for screening successfully transformed cells, for studying regulation of gene expression, or serve as controls for standardizing transformation efficiencies. Common reporter genes encode for fluorescent proteins, for example but not limited to green fluorescent protein GFP, red fluorescent protein RFP, and genes encoding for enzymes catalyzing a chemical reaction resulting in a detectable product, for example but not limited to galactosidase, and luciferase genes. The protein encoded by the reporter gene is also called herein “reporter protein”.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Nucleic Acid Constructs

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein at least one control sequence comprises a promoter sequence of a secA operon comprising a secA gene (such promoter sequence herein also called “secA promoter”) or a functional fragment or functional variant of the promoter sequence and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous to the polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or the functional fragment or functional variant thereof confers a moderate expression level.

In a further embodiment, the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 117) TKNTTTGGAAATN(8-12)RTRTGNTAWRATAWN(4-6) and wherein the consensus sequence is immediately followed by a transcription start site.

In a further embodiment, the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence

TKNTTTGGAAATNNNNNNNNRTRTGNTAWRATAWNNNN and wherein the consensus sequence is immediately followed by a transcription start site.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence

-   (a) has at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54,     55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68; -   (b) hybridizes under high stringency conditions with (i) a     polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,     60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68, or (ii) the full-length     complement of (i); or -   (c) is a variant of the promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54,     55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68 comprising     a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more positions     and wherein the variant of the promoter sequence has promoter     activity.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68.

In a preferred embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9. Preferably, the promoter sequence has at least 90% or at least 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9.

In another embodiment, the promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene is from a Bacillus species. The Bacillus species may be, but is not limited to, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus cereus Bacillus paralicheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus thuringiensis cells. In one embodiment, the Bacillus species is Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus or Bacillus subtilis. In another embodiment, the Bacillus species is Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis. In another embodiment, the Bacillus species is Bacillus licheniformis. Preferably, the Bacillus species is Bacillus licheniformis.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68 and wherein the promoter sequence is from a Bacillus species.

In a preferred embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9 and wherein the promoter sequence is from a Bacillus species, in a specific embodiment from Bacillus licheniformis.

In another embodiment, the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 118) TCAWTMNTGCTGYN(11-13)TTAATGRTAADATTYDTN(4-5) and wherein the consensus sequence is immediately followed by a transcription start site.

In another embodiment, the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence

TCAWTMNTGCTGYNNNNNNNNNNNNTTAATGRTAADATTYDTNNNN and wherein the consensus sequence is immediately followed by a transcription start site.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence

-   (a) has at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71,     72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,     89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 or 98; -   (b) hybridizes under high stringency conditions with (i) a     polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,     77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,     94, 95, 96, 97 or 98, or (ii) the full-length complement of (i); or -   (c) is a variant of the promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71,     72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,     89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 or 98 comprising a substitution,     deletion, and/or insertion at one or more positions and wherein the     variant of the promoter sequence has promoter activity.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 or 98.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 82.

In a further embodiment, the promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene is from an Enterobacteria species. In another embodiment, the promoter sequence is from an Enterobacteriaceae species. In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence is from Escherichia coli.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 or 98 and wherein the promoter sequence is from an Enterobacteria species.

In yet another embodiment, the promoter sequence has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 82 and wherein the promoter sequence is from an Enterobacteria species, in a specific embodiment from Escherichia coli.

In one embodiment, the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Acetobacteraceae, and Clostridiaceae.

In another embodiment, the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pseudomonas putida, Streptomyces coelicolor, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Clostridium acetobutylicum.

In one embodiment, the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene which encodes for a SecA protein having at least 60% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, or 52.

In one embodiment, the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene which encodes for a SecA protein having at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, or 52.

In a further one embodiment, the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene which encodes for a SecA protein having at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 44.

In a further one embodiment, the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene which encodes for a SecA protein having at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 45.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct and/or the expression vector described herein comprises one or more further control sequences. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to promoter sequence, 5′-UTR (also called leader sequence), ribosomal binding site (RBS, shine dalgarno sequence), 3′-UTR, and transcription and translation terminator. In one embodiment, the control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the polynucleotide to be expressed.

The nucleic acid construct comprises a suitable transcription start and terminator sequence. Any transcription start or terminator that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.

In one embodiment the nucleic acid construct comprises a suitable UTR (untranslated region) sequence. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct described herein comprises a 5′UTR and/or a 3′UTR sequence. In one embodiment, the one or more control sequence of the nucleic acid construct comprises a 5′UTR, also referred to as leader sequence. In another one embodiment, the one or more control sequence of the nucleic acid construct comprises a 5′UTR sequence comprising a ribosome-binding site also referred to as a shine-dalgarno sequence. Any leader sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention. The UTR can be natural or artificial. In one embodiment, the 5′UTR has at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98% or even 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13 or to any of SEQ ID NO: 99 to 116.

The nucleic acid constructs described herein can be used for expression of a protein of interest. Hence, in one embodiment the polynucleotide of the nucleic acid construct operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein at least one control sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof, is a polynucleotide encoding for a protein of interest. In one embodiment the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a methyltransferase, an endonuclease, a serine recombinase, a tyrosine recombinase, and a protein conferring antibiotic resistance.

The nucleic acid construct and/or the expression vector described herein can be used for providing a moderate expression level of a polynucleotide, preferably a polynucleotide encoding a protein of interest, in a host cell.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct and/or the expression vector described herein can be used for expression of a polynucleotide, preferably a polynucleotide encoding a protein of interest in a host cell, providing an expression level of said polynucleotide allowing continuous cultivation of the host cell.

Expression Vectors

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid construct described herein. Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention is directed to an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein at least one control sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous to the polynucleotide.

In one embodiment, the expression vector is located outside the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. In another embodiment, the expression vector is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. The expression vector can be linear or circular. In one embodiment, the expression vector is a viral vector or a plasmid.

For autonomous replication, the expression vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell in question. Bacterial origins of replication include but are not limited to the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322, pUC19, pSC101, pACYC177, and pACYC184 permitting replication in E. coli (Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual, 3rd ed, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2001; Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C. Y., Boyer, H. W., & Helling, R. B. (1973). Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids In Vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70(11), 3240-3244), and pUB110, pC194, pTB19, pAMß1, and pTA1060 permitting replication in Bacillus (Janniere, L., Bruand, C., and Ehrlich, S. D. (1990). Structurally stable Bacillus subtilis cloning vectors. Gene 87, 53-6; Ehrlich, S. D., Bruand, C., Sozhamannan, S., Dabert, P., Gros, M. F., Janniere, L., and Gruss, A. (1991). Plasmid replication and structural stability in Bacillus subtilis. Res. Microbiol. 142, 869-873), and pE194 (Dempsey, L. A. and Dubnau, D. A. (1989). Localization of the replication origin of plasmid pE194. J. Bacteriol. 171, 2866-2869). The origin of replication may be one having a mutation to make its function temperature-sensitive in the host cell (see, e.g., Ehrlich, 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75:1433-1436).

In one embodiment, the expression vector contains one or more selectable markers that permit easy selection of transformed cells. A selectable marker is a gene encoding a product, which provides for biocide resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like. Bacterial selectable markers include but are not limited to the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers that confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline resistance. Furthermore, selection may be accomplished by co-transformation, e.g., as described in WO91/09129, where the selectable marker is on a separate vector.

Proteins of Interest

The nucleic acid constructs described herein can be used for expression of a protein of interest. Thus, in one embodiment the nucleic acid construct described herein comprises a polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide encodes for a protein of interest. Hence, in one embodiment the polynucleotide of the nucleic acid construct operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein at least one control sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof, is a polynucleotide encoding for a protein of interest.

As the present invention is directed to the use of a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof for heterologous expression of a polynucleotide, the promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof is not naturally associated with the polynucleotide. Thus, in a preferred embodiment the polynucleotide to be expressed by the promoter sequence of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof does not comprise a secA gene.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide does not comprise a reporter gene. Thus, in one embodiment the protein of interest is not a reporter protein. In a preferred embodiment, the protein of interest is not a reporter protein selected from the group consisting of β-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucoronidase, luciferase, aequorin, and fluorescent protein, preferably green fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, and yellow fluorescent protein.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide does not comprise a reporter gene selected from the group consisting of lacZ, spoVG-lacZ, cat, phoA, gusA, luciferase gene, aequorine gnee, gfp, yfp, and rfp.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention is further directed to methods of producing a native or foreign polypeptide comprising: (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct as described herein under conditions conducive for production of the protein of interest; and (b) optionally recovering the protein of interest.

In one embodiment, the protein of interest is tolerated by the host cell only in limited quantities. Thus, in one embodiment the expression of protein of interest by using the secA promoter described herein allows for continuous cultivation of the host cell without negative growth effects. Thus, in one embodiment the expression level of protein of interest conferred by the secA promoter described herein is not toxic to the host cell. In one embodiment, the secA promoter described herein provides to the cell the protein of interest in a moderate expression level. In a one embodiment, the protein of interest is toxic to the host cell when expressed in large quantities. In one embodiment, the protein of interest is an enzyme. In another embodiment, the protein of interest is an enzyme that is tolerated by the host cell only in limited quantities.

In one embodiment the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a DNA or RNA modifying enzyme, and a protein conferring antibiotic resistance. In one embodiment the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a DNA or RNA modifying enzyme. In one embodiment the protein of interest is a DNA or RNA modifying enzyme, selected from the list of a methyltransferase, an endonuclease, a serine recombinase, and a tyrosine recombinase.

In a further embodiment, the endonuclease is i-SceI or Cas9 endonuclease. In another embodiment, the serine recombinase is cre from P1 phage or FLP from S. cerevisiae. In yet another embodiment, the tyrosine recombinase is lambda integrase. In a further embodiment, the protein conferring antibiotic resistance is encoded by a gene selected from the group consisting of a blasticidin S resistance gene, a bleomycin resistance gene, a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, an aminoglycoside modifying enzyme, including but not limited to aminoglycoside acetyltransferases, aminoglycoside acetyltransferases, aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferases, a tetracycline resistance gene, including but not limited to ribosomal protection via Tet(M), TetO-Q), Tet(S), OtrA, tetracycline efflux transporters Tet(A-E, G, H, K, L, P [tetA(P)]), and OtrB.

In a further embodiment, the protein of interest is a DNA methyltransferase.

FIG. 1 shows a structure-based multiple sequence alignment of the amino acid sequences of various DNA methyltransferases comprising these structural features. It can be derived from FIG. 1 that between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 there are 33 amino acids in SEQ ID NOs: 33, 36, 37, and 38, there are 32 amino acids in SEQ ID NOs: 39-42 and there are 34 amino acids in SEQ ID NO: 43. However, there are 38 amino acids between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 in SEQ ID NO: 34. Thus, compared to SEQ ID NO: 34 there is a deletion in SEQ ID NO: 33 and SEQ ID NO: 36-43.

Hence, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprises at least 22, preferably at least 28 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Hence, preferably, the DNA methyltransferase comprises between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 22-34, preferably 28-34, more preferably 22-33, even more preferably 28-33, most preferably 30-34 or 30-33 amino acid residues. Most preferred, there are 33 amino acids residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase used in these methods of the present comprises less than 23 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase comprises less than 23 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprises at least 12, preferably at least 18 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Hence, preferably, the DNA methyltransferase comprises between amino acid residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 12-22, preferably 18-22, more preferably 12-21, even more preferably 18-21 amino acid residues.

In another embodiment the DNA methyltransferase used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In preferred embodiment the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprises 0-4, preferably 2-4, more preferably 3-4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, preferably 4, amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase comprises less than 11 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase comprises less than 11 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprises at least 7, preferably at least 8 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Hence, preferably, the DNA methyltransferase comprises between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 7-10, preferably 8-10, more preferably 9-10 amino acid residues.

In another embodiment the DNA methyltransferase used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and further comprises less than 23 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In another embodiment the DNA methyltransferase used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and further comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase further comprises less than 11 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In a preferred embodiment the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Preferably, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention comprises 0-4, preferably 2-4, more preferably 3-4 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Preferably, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention comprises 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, preferably 4 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

As shown in FIG. 1, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention comprises in one embodiment the following structural features with respect to the indicated amino acid positions corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 33.

Identifier α β γ δ ϵ Position in SEQ ID NO: 33 I66 G70 P72 K83 G84 I101 P106 V108 V114 Comment start end start end begin- begin- end start end of of of of ning ning of of of sheet sheet DNA- DNA- of of helix/ sheet sheet inter- inter- helix insert end acting acting region of loop loop insert region

Thus, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 comprises between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 a DNA interacting loop region and an alpha helix region. Preferably, the DNA interacting loop region is between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and the alpha helix region is between residue 84 and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC comprises at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34 and comprises a deletion between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 so that there are less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. In one embodiment, the deletion is in the alpha helix region between amino acid residue 84 and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Preferably, there is a deletion between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 of 1-20 amino acids, preferably 3-12, more preferably 4-8. Preferably, the deletion in the helix region between amino acid residue 84 and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is a deletion of 1-15, preferably 2-10, more preferably 4-8 amino acid residues. In another embodiment, the deletion is in the DNA interacting loop region between amino acid residue 72 and 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Preferably, the deletion in the DNA interacting loop region between amino acid residue 72 and 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is a deletion of 1-6, preferably 2-4, most preferably 1-2 amino acid residues. In one embodiment, the deletion is in the alpha helix region between amino acid residue 84 and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and in the DNA interacting loop region between amino acid residue 72 and 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. Preferably, the deletion is in the alpha helix region between amino acid residue 84 and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and in the DNA interacting loop region between amino acid residue 72 and 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is a deletion of 1-20, preferably 2-12, more preferably 4-10, most preferably 4-8 amino acid residues. Preferably, the deletion between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 does not abolish the function of the DNA interacting loop region between amino acid residue 72 and 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and does not completely remove the alpha helix region between amino acid residue 84 and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

The DNA methyltransferase variant of SEQ ID NO: 34 comprises a DNA interacting loop region and an alpha helix region between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43; -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27,     28, 29, 30, 31, or 32; -   (c) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide that     hybridizes under high stringency conditions with (i) a     polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27,     28, 29, 30, 31, or 32, or (ii) the full-length complement of (i); -   (d) a variant of the DNA methyltransferase of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36,     37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43 comprising a substitution, deletion,     and/or insertion at one or more positions and having DNA     methyltransferase activity; -   (e) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide that differs     from SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or     32 due to the degeneracy of the genetic code; and -   (f) a fragment of the DNA methyltransferase of (a), (b), (c), (d)     or (e) that has DNA methyltransferase activity.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 55% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 33; -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 19; -   (c) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide that     hybridizes under high stringency conditions with (i) a     polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, or (ii) the full-length     complement of (i); -   (d) a variant of the DNA methyltransferase of SEQ ID NO: 33     comprising a substitution, in one embodiment a conservative     substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more positions     and having DNA methyltransferase activity; -   (e) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide that differs     from SEQ ID NO: 19 due to the degeneracy of the genetic code; and -   (f) a fragment of the DNA methyltransferase of (a), (b), (c), (d)     or (e) that has DNA methyltransferase activity.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 80%, at least 90%, at     least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 33; and -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 18.

In a preferred embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 80%, at least 90%, at     least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 33; and -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 18;     wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprise between amino acid     residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of     SEQ ID NO: 33 a DNA interacting loop region and an alpha helix     region. Preferably, the DNA interacting loop region is between amino     acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering     of SEQ ID NO: 33 and the alpha helix region is between residue 84     and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 23 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 90%, at least 95%, at     least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 33; and -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 18.

In a further preferred embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 23 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 90%, at least 95%, at     least 98% identity, or 100% with SEQ ID NO: 33; and -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 18;     wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprise between amino acid     residue 84 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of     SEQ ID NO: 33 an alpha helix region.

In a most preferred embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 90%, at least 95%, at     least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 33; and -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 18.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention that methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 is selected from the group consisting of:

-   (a) a DNA methyltransferase having at least 90%, at least 95%, at     least 98% identity, or 100% with SEQ ID NO: 33; and -   (b) a DNA methyltransferase encoded by a polynucleotide having at     least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID     NO: 18;     wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprise between amino acid     residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of     SEQ ID NO: 33 a DNA interacting loop region and an alpha helix     region. Preferably, the DNA interacting loop region is between amino     acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering     of SEQ ID NO: 33 and the alpha helix region is between residue 84     and 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the variant of the DNA methyltransferase of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43 comprising a substitution at one or more positions and having DNA methyltransferase activity comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 substitutions. In another embodiment, the variant of the DNA methyltransferase of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43 comprising a substitution at one or more positions and having DNA methyltransferase activity comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 conservative substitutions.

The DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention is in one embodiment a DNA methyltransferase having at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43, wherein the DNA methyltransferase methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and further comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and is a DNA methyltransferase having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and further comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and is a DNA methyltransferase having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the DNA methyltransferase comprises 0-4, preferably 2-4, more preferably 3-4, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, preferably 4 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention further comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and in another embodiment comprises less than 11 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and is a DNA methyltransferase having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or even 100% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and further comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and comprises less than 11 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and is a DNA methyltransferase having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 33.

In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and further comprises less than 5 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 101 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and comprises less than 11 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 83 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33 and is a DNA methyltransferase having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the DNA methyltransferase methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase used in the present invention is defined as above, whereas the indicated sequence identity is exchanged to sequence similarity as defined herein.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is a variant of the DNA methyltransferase of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43 comprising a conservative substitution at one or more positions and having DNA methyltransferase activity. In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is a variant of the DNA methyltransferase of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43 comprising compared to the parent sequence only conservative substitution at one or more positions and having DNA methyltransferase activity.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is a fragment of a DNA methyltransferase that has DNA methyltransferase activity. In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43, that has DNA methyltransferase activity.

In another embodiment, the fragment of the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the method of the present invention has one or more amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43, wherein the fragment methylates DNA within the recognition sequence GCNGC resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33. In another embodiment, the fragment of the DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the method of the present invention has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus and/or truncations of loop regions in-between. In one embodiment, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43 contains at least 300 amino acid residues.

The DNA methyltransferase described herein and used in the methods of the present invention is in one embodiment encoded by a polynucleotide having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32, wherein the DNA methyltransferase methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC and comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of SEQ ID NO: 33.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes with (i) a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, 24, 25 or 27, or (ii) the full-length complement of (i). In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under high stringent conditions with (i) a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, 24, 25 or 27, or (ii) the full-length complement of (i). In another embodiment, the stringency conditions are as described above.

In another embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is encoded by a polynucleotide that differs from SEQ ID NO: 19, 24, 25 or 27 due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. In one embodiment, the DNA methyltransferase is encoded by a polynucleotide that differs from SEQ ID NO: 19 only due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

Host Cells

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct described herein. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct described herein is comprised in the host cell in an expression vector as described herein.

The introduction of nucleic acid into a host cell may, for instance, but not limited thereto, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g., Chang and Cohen, 1979, Molecular General Genetics 168: 111-115), by using competent cells (see, e.g., Young and Spizizen, 1961, Journal of Bacteriology 81: 823-829, or Dubnau and Davidoff-Abelson, 1971, Journal of Molecular Biology 56: 209-221), by electroporation (see, e.g., Shigekawa and Dower, 1988, Biotechniques 6: 742-751), or by conjugation (see, e.g., Koehler and Thorne, 1987, Journal of Bacteriology 169: 5271-5278). Specific transformation protocols are known in the art for various types of host cells (see, e.g., for E. coli protoplast transformation see Hanahan, 1983, J. Mol. Biol. 166: 557-580).

Various host cells can be used for expressing the nucleic acid construct described herein. Host cells comprising the genetic constructs described herein can be obtained by one of the methods described herein for introducing the polynucelotides into such host cells.

In one embodiment, the host cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. In another embodiment, the host cell is a bacteria, an archaea, a fungal cell, a yeast cell or a eukaryotic cell. In another embodiment, the host cell is a non-human host cell.

In one embodiment, the host cell is a bacterial cell. The bacterial host cell may be any gram-positive bacterium or a gram-negative bacterium. Gram-positive bacteria include, but are not limited to, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, and Oceanobacillus. Gram-negative bacteria include, but are not limited to, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Acetobacter, Flavobacterium, Fusobacterium, Gluconobacter. In a specific embodiment, the bacterial host cell is a Echerichia coli cell. In one embodiment, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In a specific embodiment the host cell is of the genus Escherichia or Bacillus.

In the methods of the present invention, the bacterial host cell may be any Bacillus cell. Bacillus cells useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus cereus Bacillus paralicheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus thuringiensis cells. In one embodiment, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus or Bacillus subtilis cell. In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus licheniformis cell or a Bacillus subtilis cell, in a specific embodiment a Bacillus licheniformis cell. Preferably, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus licheniformis cell. More preferred, the host cell is a Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 53926 cell.

In the methods of the present invention, the bacterial host cell may be Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus bulgaricusk, Lactobacillus reuteri, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum, Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, Corynebacterium callunae, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes, Corynebacterium melassecola, Corynebacterium effiziens, Corynebacterium efficiens, Corynebacterium deserti, Brevibacterium flavum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Brevibacterium divarecatum, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas syringae, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces albus, Streptomyces avermitilis, Gluconobacter oxydans, Gluconobacter morbifer, Gluconobacter thailandicus, Acetobacter aceti, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus equi subsp., Zooepidemicus or Basfia succiniciproducens.

In one embodiment, the host cell does not naturally express the protein of interest. Thus, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct described herein is heterologous for the host cell.

In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell may additionally contain modifications, e.g., deletions or disruptions, of other genes that may be detrimental to the production, recovery or application of a polypeptide of interest. In one embodiment, a bacterial host cell is a protease-deficient cell. In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell, e.g., Bacillus cell, comprises a disruption or deletion of extracellular protease genes including but not limited to aprE, mpr, vpr, bpr, and/or epr. In one embodiment, the bacterial host cell does not produce spores. In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell, e.g., Bacillus cell, comprises a disruption or deletion of spoIIAC, sigE, and/or sigG. In one embodiment, the bacterial host cell, e.g., Bacillus cell, comprises a disruption or deletion of one of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin, e.g., srfA, srfB, srfC, and/or srfD. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,728. In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell comprises a disruption or deletion of one of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of polyglutamic acid. Other genes, including but not limited to the amyE gene, which are detrimental to the production, recovery or application of a polypeptide of interest may also be disrupted or deleted.

In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell is an E. coli host cell defective in the EcoKI restriction-modification systems, some in addition defective in the methylation-dependent restrictases mcrA, mcrB, mcrC, mrr, some in addition defective in dam and dcm DNA-methyltransferases. In one embodiment the Escherichia coli host cell that is dam- and/or dcm-methylation deficient. In another embodiment, the Escherichia coli host cell is recA positive. In another embodiment the Escherichia coli host cell is dam- and/or dcm-methylation deficient and is recA positive.

In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell is a standard E. coli cloning host cell, including but not limited to DH5alpha (Invitrogen), DH10B, (Invitrogen), Omnimax (Invitrogen), INV110 (Invitrogen), TOP10 (Invitrogen), HB101 (Promega), SURE (Stratagene), XL1-Blue (Stratagen), TG1 (Lucigen), and JM109 (NEB). In another embodiment, the bacterial host cell is a standard Bacillus subtilis cloning host cell, including but not limited to B. subtilis carrying a defective hsd(RI)R-M-locus such as B. subtilis IG-20 (BGSC 1A436) or a defective hsdRM1 mutation such as B. subtilis 1012 WT (Mobitec).

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct and/or the expression vector can be part of the chromosomal DNA or can be an extra-chromosomal DNA of the host cell. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct and/or the expression vector is in the host cell as a plasmid DNA, viral DNA or linear DNA.

Methods of the Invention

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of expressing a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide by introducing the nucleic     acid construct comprising the polynucleotide into the host cell; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide; and -   (c) optionally, recovering a protein of interest encoded by the     polynucleotide,     wherein the polynucleotide of the nucleic acid construct is operably     linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression     of the polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least one control     sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a     secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof as     described herein and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous     to the polynucleotide as described herein.

In a preferred embodiment, the promoter sequence used in the method has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9 and wherein the promoter sequence is preferably from a Bacillus species, in a specific embodiment preferably from Bacillus licheniformis. Preferably, the promoter sequence used in the method has at least 70% or 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9 and wherein the promoter sequence is from a Bacillus species.

Preferably, the polynucleotide does not comprise a reporter gene as described herein. Preferably, the protein of interest is tolerated by the host cell only in limited quantities as described herein. Preferably, the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a DNA or RNA modifying enzyme as described herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of expressing a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide by introducing the nucleic     acid construct comprising the polynucleotide into the host cell,     wherein the polynucleotide encodes for a protein of interest,     wherein the protein of interest is not a reporter protein,     preferably wherein the protein of interest is a DNA or RNA modifying     enzyme; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide; and     wherein the polynucleotide of the nucleic acid construct is operably     linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression     of the polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least one control     sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a     secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof as     described herein and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous     to the polynucleotide as described herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of expressing a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide by introducing the nucleic     acid construct comprising the polynucleotide into the host cell,     wherein the polynucleotide encodes for a DNA or RNA modifying     enzyme; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide; and     wherein the polynucleotide of the nucleic acid construct is operably     linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression     of the polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least one control     sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a     secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof as     described herein and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous     to the polynucleotide as described herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of expressing a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide by introducing the nucleic     acid construct comprising the polynucleotide into the host cell,     wherein the polynucleotide encodes for a DNA or RNA modifying     enzyme; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide; and     wherein the polynucleotide of the nucleic acid construct is operably     linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression     of the polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least one control     sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a     secA gene and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous to the     polynucleotide as described herein.

The present invention can also be used for improving the transformation of a host cell with a second heterologous nucleic acid construct or for improving or facilitating the cultivation of a host cell that has been transformed with a second nucleic acid construct.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of expressing a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of

-   (a) introducing into a host cell a first heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide by introducing the first     nucleic acid construct comprising the polynucleotide into the host     cell, wherein the polynucleotide of the first nucleic acid construct     is operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the     expression of the polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least     one control sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an secA operon     comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional     variant thereof as described herein and wherein said promoter     sequence is heterologous to the polynucleotide as described herein; -   (b) optionally, cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a)     under conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide     of the first nucleic acid construct; and -   (c) introducing into the host cell a second heterologous nucleic     acid construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding for a second     protein of interest by introducing the second nucleic acid construct     into the host cell, and -   (d) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (c) under     conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide of     the first and second nucleic acid construct; and -   (e) optionally, recovering a protein of interest encoded by the     polynucleotide of the second nucleic acid construct.

In one embodiment, the expression of the polynucleotide of the first nucleic acid construct improves the introduction of the second nucleic acid construct into the host cell or improves or facilitates the cultivation of the host cell after transformation with the second nucleic acid construct.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide of the first nucleic acid construct encodes for a protein of interest is tolerated by the host cell only in limited quantities as described herein. Preferably, the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a DNA or RNA modifying enzyme as described herein.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide of the second nucleic acid construct encodes for a commercially relevant protein of interest, preferably, selected from the group consisting of amylase, protease, lipase, mannanase, phytase, and cellulase.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of producing a protein of interest comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding the protein of     interest, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to one or     more control sequence that directs the expression of the     polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least one control     sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a     secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof as     described herein and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous     to the polynucleotide as described herein by introducing the nucleic     acid construct into the host cell; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the production of the protein of interest;     and -   (c) optionally, recovering a protein of interest.

In a preferred embodiment, the promoter sequence used in the methods described herein has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9 and wherein the promoter sequence is preferably from a Bacillus species, in a specific embodiment from Bacillus licheniformis. Preferably, the promoter sequence used in the method has at least 70% or 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9 and wherein the promoter sequence is from a Bacillus species.

The host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct described herein can be obtained without being limited thereto by any of the methods for obtaining transgenic host cells described herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of providing a moderate expression level of a polynucleotide, in a specific embodiment a polynucleotide encoding a protein of interest, in a host cell comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding the protein of     interest, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to one or     more control sequence that directs the expression of the     polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least one control     sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a     secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof as     described herein and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous     to the polynucleotide as described herein by introducing the nucleic     acid construct into the host cell; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide with     a moderate expression level.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to the use of a secA promoter of an operon comprising a secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant of the promoter as described herein for providing a moderate expression level of a polynucleotide, in a specific embodiment a polynucleotide encoding a protein of interest, in a host cell.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to the use of a secA promoter or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof as described herein for providing a moderate expression level of a polynucleotide, in a specific embodiment a polynucleotide encoding a protein of interest, in a host cell comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid     construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding the protein of     interest, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to one or     more control sequence that directs the expression of the     polynucleotide in the host cell, wherein at least one control     sequence comprises a promoter sequence of an operon comprising a     secA gene or a functional fragment or functional variant thereof as     described herein and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous     to the polynucleotide as described herein; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide with     a moderate expression level.

In one embodiment, the protein of interest is a methyltransferase. Thus, a further embodiment is a method of producing a DNA methyltransferase, comprising the steps of

-   (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide     encoding a DNA methyltransferase wherein the DNA methyltransferase     methylates DNA resulting in a DNA containing 5-methylcytosine within     the recognition sequence GCNGC and wherein the DNA methyltransferase     comprises less than 35 amino acid residues between amino acid     residue 72 and amino acid residue 106 according to the numbering of     SEQ ID NO: 33 as described herein; -   (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under     conditions conductive for the production of the DNA     methyltransferase; and -   (c) optionally, recovering the DNA methyltransferase.

Cultivation of the recombinant host cell and recovering the protein of interest can be accomplished by standard prior art methods, which are further described herein.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct and/or the expression vector and the host cell are as described above.

The host cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium supportive for the growth of the host cell. In one embodiment, the host cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium supportive for the growth of the host cell and for a time and under conditions suitable for expressing the polynucleotide using methods known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small-scale or largescale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermenters performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing expression of the polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the cultivation of the host cell is by fermentation in industrial scale. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection).

The protein of interest encoded by the polynucleotide can accumulate in the cell or can be secreted outside of the cell. The secreted polypeptide of interest can be recovered directly from the medium. The expression of the polynucleotide may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polynucleotide. These detection methods may include use of PCR-based methods, hybridization based methods, specific antibodies to the encoded protein, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary chromatography, formation of an enzyme product, disappearance of an enzyme substrate, or SDS-PAGE. For example, an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of the enzyme. Procedures for determining enzyme activity are known in the art for many enzymes (see, for example, D. Schomburg and M. Salzmann (eds.), Enzyme Handbook, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990). Assays for determining activity of a restriction endonuclease or DNA methyltransferase are described herein.

A protein of interest encoded by the polynucleotide may be isolated by methods known in the art. For example, a protein of interest may be isolated from the fermentation broth by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation. Depending on the expression construct used, the protein of interest can be secreted into the fermentation broth or can remain inside the host cell. In case of the latter, the protein of interest can be recovered from the fermentation broth by applying a step where the cells are lysed. The isolated polypeptide may then be further purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), or extraction (see, e.g., Protein Purification, J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989). The purified polypeptide may then be concentrated by procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, ultrafiltration and evaporation, in particular, thin film evaporation. In another embodiment, the protein of interest is not purified from the fermentation broth. In a specific embodiment, the protein of interest is not secreted in the fermentation broth and not recovered from the fermentation broth.

EXAMPLES

The following examples only serve to illustrate the invention. The numerous possible variations that are obvious to a person skilled in the art also fall within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated the following experiments have been performed by applying standard equipment, methods, chemicals, and biochemicals as used in genetic engineering and fermentative production of chemical compounds by cultivation of microorganisms. See also Sambrook et al. (Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual, 3rd ed, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2001) and Chmiel et al. (Bioprocesstechnik 1. Einführung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991).

Electrocompetent Bacillus licheniformis Cells and Electroporation

Transformation of DNA into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 s performed via electroporation. Preparation of electrocompetent B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 cells and transformation of DNA is performed as essentially described by Brigidi et al (Brigidi, P., Mateuzzi, D. (1991). Biotechnol. Techniques 5, 5) with the following modification: Upon transformation of DNA, cells are recovered in 1 ml LBSPG buffer and incubated for 60 min at 37° C. (Vehmaanpera J., 1989, FEMS Microbio. Lett., 61: 165-170) following plating on selective LB-agar plates. If not stated differently, DNA foreign to DNA from B. licheniformis ATCC 53926, is in vitro methylated according to the method as described in patent DE4005025.

Plasmid Isolation

Plasmid DNA was isolated from Bacillus and E. coli cells by standard molecular biology methods described in (Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual, 3rd ed, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2001) or the alkaline lysis method (Birnboim, H. C., Doly, J. (1979). Nucleic Acids Res 7(6): 1513-1523). Bacillus cells were in comparison to E. coli treated with 10 mg/ml lysozyme for 30 min at 37° C. prior to cell lysis.

Plasmids

Plasmid pUK56 and pUK56S: Protease expression plasmid

The protease expression cassette of plasmid pCB56C (U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,604) was PCR-amplified with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2 and the pUB110 plasmid backbone comprising repU and the kanamycin resistance gene was PCR-amplified with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4. The PCR fragments were cut with restriction enzymes SacI and SnabI, ligated with T4-DNA ligase (NEB) following transformation into Bacillus subtilis 168 competent cells according to the protocol of Spizizen (Anagnostopoulos, C. and Spizizen, J. (1961). J. Bacteriol. 81, 741-746.) Correct clones of final plasmid pUK56 were analyzed be restriction enzyme digest and sequencing. The plasmid pUK56 was cut with SnaBI and the fragment of pBR322 was PCR-amplified with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6 cut with SnabI/EcoRV (accession number pBR322 J01749.1), and cloned into pUK56 following transformation into E. coli XL1-Blue competent cells (Stratagene). The E. coli/Bacillus shuttle plasmid pUK56S with a functional SnaBI RE sites was recovered.

Plasmid pLCS3: Expression Plasmid

The low-copy origin of replication pSC101 from plasmid pZS4-Int-1 (Lutz, R. and Bujard, H. (1997); Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 1203-1210; accession number U66308) was recovered by digestion with restriction endonucleases XbaI and ScaI and cloned into pZA3PLtetO-1 luc (accession number U66309) cut with restriction endonucleases ScaI and AvrII to replace the replication origin yielding plasmid pLCS3.

Plasmid pLCS31: Expression Plasmid with Lac Repressor

The E. coli lac repressor gene fragment was PCR-amplified from pZS4-int1 (Lutz, R. and Bujard, H. (1997); Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 1203-1210; accession number U66308) with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. The PCR fragment were cut with restriction enzymes Kpnl and XbaI and cloned into pLCS3 digested with Kpnl and XbaI to create plasmid pLCS31.

Plasmid pLCS4: Expression Plasmid

The kanamycin resistance gene fragment (SacI/Xhol) from pZE2 PLtetO-1 MCS2 (Lutz, R. and Bujard, H. (1997); Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 1203-1210; gene accession number U66312) was cloned into pLCS3 cut with restriction endonucleases SacI/Xhol to replace the chloramphenicol resistance gene yielding plasmid pLCS4.

Plasmid pEDS3: Expression Plasmid

The synthetic DNA fragment comprising a fragment of the control region of the secA gene from B. licheniformis (SEQ ID NO: 9), TO lambda terminator (Stueber, D. and Bujard, H. (1982), EMBO J. 1, 1399-1404) comprising two BsaI RE sites, flanked by Xhol and XbaI (SEQ ID NO: 10) restriction sites was cloned into pLCS3 plasmid cut with Xhol and XbaI yielding plasmid pEDS3.

Plasmid pEDT31: Expression Plasmid

The synthetic DNA fragment comprising the T5/lac promoter (SEQ ID NO: 11) from pDS56 (Stueber, D., Garotta, G. (1990), Immunological Methods, vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, pp. 121-152), TO lambda terminator (Stueber, D. and Bujard, H. (1982), EMBO J. 1, 1399-1404) comprising two BsaI RE sites, flanked by Xhol and Kpnl (SEQ ID NO: 12) restriction sites was cloned into pLCS31 plasmid cut with Xhol and Kpnl yielding plasmid pEDT31. Plasmid pMDS001-006, pMDT002-003: DNA-Methyltransferase gene expression constructs The genes for the DNA-Methyltransferases were ordered as synthetic gene fragments comprising the 5′UTR/RBS of the secA gene from B. licheniformis (SEQ ID NO: 13), the coding sequence (cds) for the MTase gene (see sequence listing), flanked by BsaI restriction sites with compatible overhangs upon restriction for subsequent cloning into plasmid pEDS3 and pEDT31. Internal BsaI restriction sites were removed by variation of the codon-triplet.

TABLE 1 DNA-Methyltransferase expression constructs MTase polynucleotide Destination MTase (SEQ ID NO:) plasmid plasmid SEQ ID NO: 22 pEDS3 pMDS001 SEQ ID NO: 23 pEDS3 pMDS002 SEQ ID NO: 19 pEDS3 pMDS003 SEQ ID NO: 25 pEDS3 pMDS004 SEQ ID NO: 27 pEDS3 pMDS005 SEQ ID NO: 24 pEDS3 pMDS006 SEQ ID NO: 19 pEDT31 pMDT002 SEQ ID NO: 21 pEDT31 pMDT003

Plasmid pBIL009: Bacillus subtilis Integration Plasmid

The plasmid pBS1C amyE integration plasmid (Radeck, J. et al. (2013). J. Biol. Eng 7, 29.) for B. subtilis was amplified by PCR with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO: 15 restricted with BsaI following cloning into the pLCS4 plasmid backbone comprising pSC101 replication origin and the kanamycin resistance gene recovered as XbaI/Xhol restriction digest fragment. The ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli XL1-Blue cells (Stratagene) and clones recovered on LB-agar plates containing 20 μg/ml Kanamycin. Positive clones yielding plasmid pBIL009 were analyzed by restriction digest and functional chloramphenicol resistance gene.

Plasmid pMIS012: DNA-Methyltransferase—B. subtilis Gene Expression Construct

The DNA-methyltransferase expression construct of pMDS003 was PCR-amplified with oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 17 restricted with BamHI/XbaI following cloning into the pBIL009 plasmid backbone recovered as BamHI/XbaI restriction digest fragment. The ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli XL1-Blue cells (Stratagene) and clones recovered on LB-agar plates containing 20 μg/ml Kanamycin. Positive clones yielding plasmid pMIS012 were analyzed by restriction digest and functional chloramphenicol resistance gene.

Structure Prediction

Structures for the methyltransferases were predicted using the homology modelling toolkit SWISS-MODEL (Biasini M., Bienert S., Waterhouse A., Arnold K., Studer G., Schmidt T., Kiefer F., Cassarino T. G., Bertoni M., Bordoli L., Schwede T. (2014). SWISS-MODEL: modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information Nucleic Acids Research 2014 (1 Jul. 2014) 42 (W1): W252-W258) using default parameters and the following structural templates from the RCSB PDB database (Berman H. M., Westbrook J., Feng Z., Gilliland G., Bhat T. N., Weissig H., Shindyalov I. N., Bourne P. E. (2000) The Protein Data Bank Nucleic Acids Research, 28: 235-242): 2uyc_A (used for SEQ ID NO: 33 (M_Fnu4HI), SEQ ID NO: 34 (M_RBH3250), SEQ ID NO: 41 (M_CocII)), 2i9k_C (used for SEQ ID NO: 36 (M_Bsp6I), SEQ ID NO: 43 (M_LlaDII)), 3swr_A (used for SEQ ID NO: 37 (M_Cdi13307II), SEQ ID NO: 38 (M_Cdi630IV)), 1mht_C (used for SEQ ID NO: 39 (M_Ckr177III)), 2z6u_A (used for SEQ ID NO: 40 (M_CmaLM2II)) and 9mht_C (used for SEQ ID NO: 42 (M_Fsp4HI)).

Structural Alignment

Predicted structures were structurally aligned to the predicted structure of SEQ ID NO: 33 (M_Fnu4HI) with TMalign, version 20160521 (Y. Zhang, J. Skolnick (2005), TM-align: A protein structure alignment algorithm based on TM-score, Nucleic Acids Research, 33: 2302-2309) using the default parameters.

Structure-Based Multiple Sequence Alignment

Pairwise structural alignments were combined into a multiple sequence alignment using MAFFT, version 7.221 (Katoh, S. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:772-780) using default parameters of the merge mode. Secondary structure annotation was added to the figure as a consensus of structural predictions.

Sequence Selection

All DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases with a recognition sequence of GCNGC and that were experimentally verified with a state-of-the-art technique (determined by having ‘PacBio’ in their comments field) were extracted from REBASE (Roberts R J, Vincze T, Posfai J, Macelis D (2015) REBASE-a database for DNA restriction and modification: enzymes, genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 43: D298-D299). To this set of methyltransferases, sequences were added for which in-house data (M.Fnu4HI and M.RBH03250) or data from literature (M.Fsp4HI (Chmuzh, E. V. and Degtiarev, S. K., 2007, Mol. Biol. (Mosk) 41, 43-50), M.Bsp6I (Lubys et al., 1995, Gene 157: 25-29), M.LlaDII (Madsen et al., 1995, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64(7): 2424-2431)) confirm the recognition sequences.

Example 1

Generation of Methylated DNA In Vivo in E. coli Cells

Competent E. coli INV110 cells (Invitrogen/Life technologies) were transformed with plasmid pUK65S and selected on LB-plates with 20 μg/ml Kanamycin yielding E. coli strain Ec #082. E. coli strain Ec #082 was made competent according to the method of Chung (Chung, C. T., Niemela, S. L., and Miller, R. H. (1989). One-step preparation of competent Escherichia coli: transformation and storage of bacterial cells in the same solution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 86, 2172-2175) and transformed with DNA-methyltransferase encoding expression plasmids (Table 1) following selection on LB-agar plates containing 20 μg/ml kanamycin and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol. MTase expression plasmids using the secA promoter were constructed as described above (Table 1). Ecoli strain name, Plasmid names and MTase genes are indicated.

TABLE 2 MTase E. coli polynucleotide Name Plasmids (SEQ ID NO) Promoter Ec#082 pUK56S — — Ec#083 pUK56S, pMDS001 22 secA Ec#084 pUK56S, pMDS002 23 secA Ec#085 pUK56S, pMDS003 19 secA Ec#086 pUK56S, pMDS004 25 secA Ec#087 pUK56S, pMDS005 27 secA Ec#088 pUK56S, pMDS006 24 secA

Total plasmid DNA was isolated from the different E. coli strains according to standard methods in molecular biology (Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual, 3rd ed, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2001.) and the efficiency of in vivo methylation determined by restriction of 1 μg of total plasmid DNA with SatI (ThermoFisher Scientific) which is inhibited from cleavage by 5-methylcytosine within the recognition sequence GCNGC. Restriction reactions were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining for visualization. The Generuler 1 kb DNA Ladder (ThermoFisher Scientific) was used for estimation of DNA fragment size (FIG. 2). Plasmid DNA isolated from E. coli strains with GCNGC specific 5-methylcytosine DNA methylation is protected from restriction by SatI, whereas pUK56S from E. coli strain Ec #082 is not.

Example 2

Transformation of methylated DNA from E. coli cells into Bacillus licheniformis. Plasmid DNA was isolated from E. coli cells Ec #082-Ec #088 as described in Example 1 and 1 μg plasmid DNA transformed into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 electrocompetent cells as essentially described by Brigidi et al (Brigidi, P., Mateuzzi, D. (1991). Biotechnol. Techniques 5, 5) with the following modification: Upon transformation of DNA, cells are recovered in 1 ml LBSPG-buffer and incubated for 60 min at 37° C. (Vehmaanpera J., 1989, FEMS Microbio. Lett., 61: 165-170) following plating on LB-agar plates containing 20 μg/ml Kanamycin. LB-agar plates are incubated overnight at 37° C. and the transformation efficiency as colony-forming-units (cfu) determined. The transformation efficiencies of plasmid DNA from different E. coli strains were normalized against E. coli strain Ec #083 which was set to 100%. Note, the E. coli strain Ec #083 carries the B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 DNA methyltransferase. The E. coli strain Ec #084 carries a codon-optimized variant of the B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 DNA methyltransferase and serves as control for gene expression. Plasmid DNA pUK56S from E. coli Ec #082 which was not methylated by a GCNGC specific DNA methyltransferase did not recover any transformants. Surprisingly, plasmid DNA isolated from E. coli strains carrying MTases (Ec #85-87) heterologous to B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 transformed into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 resulted in significantly increased transformation efficiencies (FIG. 3). Moreover, plasmid DNA isolated from the E. coli strain carrying the homologous MTase (Ec #88) of B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 with a deletion of amino acids 103-108 from SEQ ID NO: 34 (6 amino acids were truncated in total, resulting in SEQ ID NO: 35) also resulted in a significantly increased transformation efficiency compared to Ec #83.

Example 3

In vivo methylation in B. subtilis.

The MTase expression plasmid pMIS012 for integration into the amyE gene of B. subtilis was linearized with restriction enzyme SacI following transformation of 2 μg of linearized plasmid DNA into B. subtilis 168 cells made competent according to the method of Spizizen (Anagnostopoulos, C. and Spizizen, J. (1961). J. Bacteriol. 81, 741-746.). Cells were spread and incubated overnight at 37° C. on LB-agar plates containing 10 μg/ml chloramphenicol. Grown colonies were picked and stroke on both LB-agar plates containing 10 μg/ml chloramphenicol and LB-agar plates containing 10 μg/ml chloramphenicol and 0.5% soluble starch (Sigma) following incubation overnight at 37° C. The starch plates were covered with iodine containing Lugols solution and positive integration clones identified with negative amylase activity. Genomic DNA of positive clones was isolated by standard phenol/chlorform extraction methods after 30 min treatment with lysozyme (10 mg/ml) at 37° C., following analysis of correct integration of the MTase expression cassette by PCR. The resulting B. subtilis strain is named Bs #053.

Plasmid pUK56 was transformed into B. subtilis 168 and B. subtilis Bs #053 cells made competent according to the method of Spizizen (Anagnostopoulos, C. and Spizizen, J. (1961). J. Bacteriol. 81, 741-746). The plasmid DNA pUK56 was in vitro methylated as described in patent DE4005025 following transformation into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 electrocompetent cells as described in Example 2. Transformants were spread and incubated overnight at 37° C. on LB-agar plates containing 20 μg/ml kanamycin and 1% skim milk generating B. subtilis strains Bs #54 and Bs #55 and B. licheniformis strain Bli #112 respectively. Plasmid DNA pUK56 was isolated from B. subtilis strains Bs #54 and Bs #55 and B. lichenformis strain Bli #112 as described in Example 1 after 30 min treatment with lysozyme (10 mg/ml) at 37° C. 1 μg plasmid DNA each was transformed into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 electrocompetent cells as described in Example 2. The transformation efficiencies of plasmid pUK56 from B. subtilis Bs #54 and Bs #55 were normalized against the transformation efficiency of plasmid pUK56 isolated from B. licheniformis Bli #112 which was set to 100%. Surprisingly, plasmid DNA pUK56 isolated from B. subtilis Bs #55, carrying a MTase heterologous to B. licheniformis ATCC 53926, in comparison to plasmid DNA pUK56 isolated from B. licheniformis Bli #112, carrying the native B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 DNA methylation pattern, resulted in a significantly increased transformation efficiency (FIG. 4). In contrast, almost no colonies were recovered after transformation of plasmid pUK56 from B. subtilis Bs #54, which served as control.

Example 4

Promoter Studies for Expression of Heterologous MTases

DNA methyltransferases SEQ ID NO:19 and SEQ ID NO:21 were ordered as synthetic gene fragments comprising the 5′UTR/RBS region of SEQ ID NO:13 and flanking BsaI restriction sites following cloning into pEDT31 vector restricted with BsaI restriction endonuclease (NEB) and transformation into E. coli XL1-Blue competent cells (Stratagene), yielding the MTase expression plasmids pMDT002 and pMDT003 comprising genes encoding the methyltransferases under the control of the T5 promoter. Competent E. coli strain Ec #082 (Example 1) were transformed with DNA-methyltransferase encoding expression plasmids following selection on LB-agar plates containing 20 μg/ml kanamycin and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol. The resulting

E. coli strains are listed in the following Table 3.

TABLE 3 E. coli MTase Name Plasmids (SEQ ID NO) Promoter Ec#089 pUK56S, pMDT002 19 T5 Ec#090 pUK56S, pMDT003 21 T5

For plasmid preparation from E. coli cells Ec #089 and Ec #090 with the MTase gene under control of the commonly used T5 promoter (SEQ ID NO:11), cells were grown overnight in LB-media and MTase expression was induced with 100 μM IPTG 5 h prior to cell harvest.

For comparing the T5 promoter with the secA promoter plasmid DNA was isolated from E. coli Ec #082 cells expressing no methyltransferase, from E. coli cells expression methyltransferase under the secA promoter (Ec #085) and from E. coli cells expression methyltransferase under the T5 promoter (Ec #089 and Ec #090) as described in Example 1 and 1 μg total plasmid DNA transformed into B. licheniformis ATCC 53926 electrocompetent cells as described in Example 2. The transformation efficiencies of plasmid DNA from indicated E. coli strains were normalized against the pUK56S plasmid isolated from E. coli strain Ec #085 which was set to 100%. Plasmid DNA pUK56S from E. coli strain Ec #082 did not recover any transformants. Plasmid DNA pUK56S from E. coli strains Ec #089 and Ec #090 in comparison to Ec #085 resulted in a relative transformation efficiency of 6% and 2% respectively (FIG. 5).

These results demonstrate that compared to a well-known inducible promoter for gene expression in E. coli, like the T5 promoter, the use of the secA promoter for heterologous expression of a methyltransferase resulted surprisingly in an expression level not impairing with the viability of the cells and allowed continues cultivation of the cells with a methyltransferase expression level beneficial for DNA methylation and subsequently transformation efficiency.

Example 5

Extraction of Bacillus Species Promoters and Consensus Construction

A translated blast search using tblastn 2.5.0+(Camacho C., Coulouris G., Avagyan V., Ma N., Papadopoulos J., Bealer K., & Madden T. L. (2008) “BLAST+: architecture and applications.” BMC Bioinformatics 10:421) was performed using SecA protein sequence from Bacillus licheniformis (protein ID WP_071583862) as a query against Genbank and Genbank WGS (Whole Genome Shotgun) databases, with options: −evalue 1 e-20, -db_gencode 11, -max_target_seqs 60000. Full GenBank records were retrieved for BLAST hits above minimal protein identity 60%.

Using BLAST hit location information from the blast search results, upstream sequences of secA-coding genes were extracted, subject to the following conditions:

-   1. Upstream extraction size was 160 nucleotides. If there was an     upstream gene/CDS annotation closer than 160 nucleotides, then a     shorter fragment was extracted. If fragment length was less than 100     nucleotides, such a fragment was not extracted. -   2. Extracted upstream sequences were grouped by BLAST hit bitscore,     and sorted in descending order by the same bitscore. To avoid bias,     identical upstream sequences from the same bitscore group were     deduplicated. -   3. For each of by-bitscore upstream sequence groups, a cumulative     multiple alignment was performed (and saved separately) using mafft     version 7.307 (Katoh, Standley. “MAFFT multiple sequence alignment     software version 7: improvements in performance and usability”,     Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:772-780, 2013), with the     keeplength option. Generated multiple nucleotide alignments were     visualized as sequence logos and examined to identify the bitscore     threshold at which upstream regulatory sequences conservation is the     most apparent: conserved fragments still have high information     content, while non-conserved fragments have low information content. -   4. Based on the identified threshold, all the upstream sequences     with bitscore above the threshold were multiple-aligned using mafft.     Alignment was further manually refined, and consensus sequence was     constructed from the alignment. -   5. For Bacillus species, important promoter components were     identified with the help of (“Compilation and analysis of Bacillus     subtilis sigma-A-dependent promoter sequences: evidence for extended     contact between RNA polymerase and upstream promoter DNA”, John D.     Heimann, Nucleic Acids Research, 1995, Vol. 23, No. 13 2351-2360)     and (“Temporal Expression of the Bacillus subtilis secA Gene,     Encoding a Central Component of the Preprotein Translocase”, Markus     Herbort, Michael Klein, Erik H. Manting, Arnold J. M. Driessen,     Roland Freudl, Journal of Bacteriology, January 1999, Vol. 181, No.     2, p. 493-500).

Extraction of Enterobacteriaceae Species Promoters and Consensus Construction

For Enterobacteriaceae, the process was the same as for Bacillus (see above), with the following differences:

-   1. In Escherichia coli, secA gene is a part of the secM-secA operon,     with a common promoter upstream of secM (secretion monitor protein).     Thus, SecM protein SECM_ECOLI was used as a query for the translated     BLAST search. -   2. Upstream extraction size was set to 350, minimal extracted     upstream length set to 50. -   3. For Enterobacteriaceae species, important promoter components     were identified with the help of (“Promoter element spacing controls     basal expression and light inducibility of the cyanobacterial secA     gene”, K. Mazouni, S. Bulteau, C. Cassier-Chauvat, F. Chauvat,     Molecular Microbiology, 1998, Vol. 30, No. 5, p. 1113-1122). 

1. A recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to one or more control sequence that directs the expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein at least one control sequence comprises a secA promoter sequence or a functional fragment or functional variant of the secA promoter sequence and wherein said promoter sequence is heterologous to the polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide does not comprise a reporter gene.
 2. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence TKNTTTGGAAATN(8-12)RTRTGNTAWRATAWN(4-6)

and wherein the consensus sequence is immediately followed by a transcription start site.
 3. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1 or 2, wherein the promoter sequence (a) has at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68; (b) hybridizes under high stringency conditions with (i) a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68, or (ii) the full-length complement of (i); or (c) is a variant of the promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, or 68 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more positions and wherein the variant of the promoter sequence has promoter activity.
 4. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence is from a Bacillus species.
 5. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence comprises the consensus sequence TCAWTMNTGCTGYN(11-13)TTAATGRTAADATTYDTN(4-5)

and wherein the consensus sequence is immediately followed by a transcription start site.
 6. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence (a) has at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 or 98; (b) hybridizes under high stringency conditions with (i) a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 or 98, or (ii) the full-length complement of (i); or (c) is a variant of the promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 or 98 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more positions and wherein the variant of the promoter sequence has promoter activity.
 7. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence is from an Enterobacteria species.
 8. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the one or more control sequence comprises a 5′UTR sequence comprising a ribosome-binding site.
 9. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Acetobacteraceae, and Clostridiaceae.
 10. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence is from an operon comprising a secA gene from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pseudomonas putida, Streptomyces coelicolor, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Clostridium acetobutylicum.
 11. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the operon comprising a secA gene encodes for a SecA protein having at least 60% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, or
 52. 12. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide encodes for a protein of interest.
 13. The nucleic acid construct of claim 12, wherein the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a methyltransferase, an endonuclease, a serine recombinase, or a tyrosine recombinase, and a protein conferring antibiotic resistance.
 14. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a Bacillus or an Escherichia cell.
 15. A recombinant expression vector comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim
 1. 16. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim
 1. 17. A method of expressing a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of (a) providing a host cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid construct of any of the proceeding claims by introducing the nucleic acid construct into the host cell; (b) cultivating the recombinant host cell of step (a) under conditions conductive for the expression of the polynucleotide; and (c) optionally, recovering a protein of interest encoded by the polynucleotide.
 18. (canceled) 